Bahan Kimia Berbahaya

1.      Bahan kimia mudah terbakar

Bahan mudah terbakar adalah bahan yang mudah bereaksi dengan oksigen dan menimbulkan kebakaran. Reaksi kebakaran yang amat cepat juga dapat menghasilkan ledakan. Bahan cair yang dinyatakan mudah terbakar bila titik nyala > 21 C dan < 55 C pada tekanan 1 atm. Bahan cair yang dinyatakan sangat mudah terbakar bila titik nyala < 21 C dan titik didih < 20 C pada tekanan 1 atm bahan terbakar dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi :

a.       Zat padat mudah terbakar, dalam industri adalah belerang (sulfur), fosfor kertas/rayon, hibrida logam dan kapas. Pada umumnya zat padat lebih sukar terbakar daripada bentuk cair. Meski demikian zat padat terbentuk serbuk halus mudah terbakar.

b.      Zat cair mudah terbakar. Kelompok ini adalah yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam industri yang dikenal sebagai pelarut organik. Contohnya eter alcohol, aseton, benzene, dan heksa dll. Pelarut tersebut pada suhu kamar menghasilkan uap yang dalam perbandingan tertentu dapat dipakai oleh adanya api terbuka atau loncatan listrik. Pengalaman menunjukkan bahwa uap dapat berdifusi sejauh 3 meter menuju titik api atau seolah-olah kita melihat api menyambar pelarut organic pada jarak tersebut

c.       gas yang mudah terbakar:  Gas Alam , Asetilen (C₂H₂), Hidrogen (H₂), Etilen Oksida ,  Metana (CH₄), Karbon monoksida (CO),   Butana (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃)   

2.      Bahan kimia beracun

·         Logam Metaloid

Timbal (Pb), perak (Ag), Cadmium, Krom (Cr), Arsen, Fosfor

Efek yang ditimbulkan: syaraf, ginjal dan darah, iritasi kanker, metabolisme

·         Bahan Kimia Pelarut

Bensin, Minyak Tanah, Alkohol

Efek yang ditimbulkan: Pusing, koma hati, ginjal, leukemia

·         Gas Beracun

Nitrogen (N₂), Argon (Ar), Helium (He), Asam sianida (HCN), karbon monoksida (CO), NO₂, H₂S

Efek yang ditimbulkan: asfiksi sederhana, sesak nafas, pusing, kejang, hilang otak, jantung, syaraf hilang kesadaran, sesak nafas, iritan, dan kematian

·         Karsinogen

Benzene, Asbes, Bensidin, Krom Naftil, Amin, Vinil klorida

Efek yang ditimbulkan: leukemia, paru-paru, kandung kemih, hati, syaraf pusat

·         Pestisida

Organoklorin dan organosulfat

Efek yang ditimbulkan: pusing, kejang, hilang kesadaran, kematian

3.      Bahan kimia iritan

Bahan yang karena reaksi kimia dapat menimbulkan kerusakan atau peradangan atau sanitasi bila kontak dengan permukaan tubuh yang lembab seperti kulit, mata, dan saluran pernafasan. Bahan iritan padaat bahaya akan timbul bila kontak dengan kulit atau mata.

Padat

·         Anorganik: Natrium Hidroksida(NaOH), Natrium silikat (Na₂ASiO₂)

·         Organik: kalsium hidroksida (Ca(OH)₂, KOH, Fenol (C₆H₅OH), asam tricloasetat (M₂COOH)

Cair

·         Anorganik: asam sulfat, HNO₃, HCl

·         Organik: HF, H₂SO₄

4.      Bahan Kimia Korosif

Bahan yang karena reaksi kimia dapat merusak logam

Contoh: Asam sulfat (H₂SO₄), asam nitrat (HNO₃), asam klorida (HCl), natrium hidroksida (NaOH), kalsium hidroksida (Ca(OH)₂), belerang dioksida (SO₂)

5.      Bahan kimia yang reaktif terhadap asam

Reaktif terhadap asam maksudnya senyawa kimia akan menghasilkan panas dan gas yang mudah terbakar atau gas-gas yang beracun dan korosif.

Contoh: kalium klorat/perklorat (KClO₃), Kalium Permanganat (KMnO₄), Asam Kromat (H₂Cr₂O₃).

6.      Gas beracun yang larut dalam air

·         Gas amat larut dalam air, merusak saluran pernafasan bagian atas : NH₃, HCl, CH₃COOH, HF

·         Gas dengan kelarutan sedang, merusak saluran pernafasan bagian atas dan bagian dalam : SO₂, Cl_2, Cr₂

·         Gas dengan kelarutan kecil, merusak alat pernafasan bagian dalam : O₃, NO₂

7.      Bahan kimia mudah meledak

Reaksi kimia menghasilkan gas dalam jumlah dan tekanan yang besar serta suhu tinggi sangat peka terhadap panas dan pengaruh mekanis (gesekan) eksplosif juga dapat terjadi akibat pencampuran.

C-C (asetilen)

C-N₂ (diazo)

C-NO (nitrozo)

C-NO₂ (nitro)

C-(NO₂)₂ (alkil polinitro)

C=N-O (oksin)

C-N=N (azo)

N-NO (N-Nitroso)

N-NO₂ (N-Nitro)

N₂ (azida)

C-N₂ (diazonium)

N-logam

N-OH (hidroksil/ammonium)

C-Cl-O₃ (perkloril)

O-O (peroksida)

O₃ (ozon)

Toxins and toxicity

Materials toxin (poison) is a chemical that relatively little amounts, can cause harm to human health or life. In chemical engineering, there are several compounds that have toxic properties or poison enters the body when one example of arsenic may cause nerve, kidney and blood, irritation and cancer. Hence the inclusion toxic to the body one should be prevented by consuming antioxidant compounds such as milk. Or the entry of toxic chemicals into the body itself through several streets, among others:

a. Through the mouth or swallowed
This rarely happens unless there memipet esalahn in the mouth or eating and drinking in the laboratory
b. Through the skin
Substances such as aniline, nitrobenzene phenol or cyanide easily absorbed into the skin. The mechanism of this process supposedly has something to do with the solubility of fat in the skin
c. By breathing
Gas, dust, and easily absorbed through breathing vapors. Poisoning through the respiratory tract is predominantly (90%) of the cases of poisoning occurring. Gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chlorine (Cl 2) to give the local effects on the respiratory tract. However, gases such as HCN and H2S is absorbed through breathing will soon get into the blood and distributed throughout the body.

If the body toxic chemicals interact with biological function will be impaired. Disorders toxin (poison) of chemicals on the body is different. Examples of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene can cause damage to the liver, methyl isocyanate can cause blindness and death, mercury compounds (mercury) can cause cancer. As a result of the disorder depends on the state of health. The lab users must always maintain the health and eating nutritious foods so the body can be expected to analyze.

Effect of acute and chronic
Chronic effects to the human body divided by 2 is acute and chronic. Acute effects are effects that result a certain number can be seen or felt or within a short time. Examples of phenol poisoning can cause diarrhea, while gas CO poisoning can cause loss of consciousness or death. Chronic poisoning is a result of the chemicals in small doses but continually and bru effects felt in a long time period (week, month, and year). Inhaling gas chlorinated benzene or carbon compounds in a state / low grade but persistent will cause heart disease after a few years. Steam lead in a long time been known to cause damage in the blood. Chronic effects usually get attention but this behavior can not be justified.

Size toxicity
 Toxicity of chemicals especially needed to be known by laboratory workers because the scope of work contained considerable risks. Thus the need to know the degree of the chemicals used. From the results of the research have been known to some degree of chemical hazards:

NO	evel of toxicity to humans	Possible LD50 for humans	the compound	LD50 for rats (mg / kg)
1	No toxic	5 gr/kg	Propilon glycol	26000
2	Slightly toxic	5-15 g/kg	Sorbic Acid	7400
3	toksis was	0,5-5 g/kg	Isopropanol	5800
4	toksis	50-500 mg/kg	Hidrokuinan	320
5	Very toxic	5-50 mg/kg	arsenate Timbale	100
6	Super toksis	5 mg/kg	nicotine	50

Note: LD50: 50 lethal the dose response in the form of death of 50% of animal experiments

To measure the effect of chronic toxicity using the term used threshold value (value tersebur NAB. based on the concentration of the inhaled for 8 hours / day for 5 days / week without causing significant health problems. Generally it can be said that the chemicals with nialai lower threshold than the more toxic chemicals that have a high threshold value. threshold values ​​do not always show the properties of a chemical hazard. NaCN and HCN has a threshold limit value the same as the effects from cyanide toksisnya however, HCN has hazardous properties greater than NaCN for easy inhalation.

No	chemical name	NAB (ppm)	No	chemical name	NAB (ppm)
1	Mercury	-	21	CO2	1000
2	Ammonia	25	22	CS2	10
3	Anilines	2	23	CO2	50
4	acid bromide	3[	24	CCl4	5
5	Hydrochloric acid	5	25	formic acid	5
6	Florida acid	3[	26	Nitric acid	2
7	Acetone	750	27	Acid cyanide	10[
8	Benzene	10	28	Sulfuric acid	-
9	Benzilklorida	1	29	Sulfide acid	10
10	Brom	0,1	30	Asbes	-
11	DDT	-	31	Chlorine	1
12	dioxane	25	32	Chloroform	10
13	Ethyl acetate	400	33	Nitrobenzene	1
14	Ethyl esters	400	34	NO2	3
15	Phenol	5	35	SO2	12
16	Flour	1	36	O3	0,1
17	Formaldehyde	1	37	Tetra ethyl lead	-
18	Hexane	100	38	Timbale	-
19	Iodine	0,1[	39	Vinyl chloride	5
20	Cadmium	-	40	methanol	200

[= The highest concentration limit in workplace air

Facing ketidaktemuan in the face of chemical toxicity, expected all the workers in the lab always improve alertness. If there is the possibility of polluting materials used aerial work. Experiments should be done fume hood. It should be noted that the laboratory has well ventilated and not weak. Food and drink are avoided, and always protect yourself by using a semerti protective masks gloves and safety glasses.