Toxins and toxicity

Materials toxin (poison) is a chemical that relatively little amounts, can cause harm to human health or life. In chemical engineering, there are several compounds that have toxic properties or poison enters the body when one example of arsenic may cause nerve, kidney and blood, irritation and cancer. Hence the inclusion toxic to the body one should be prevented by consuming antioxidant compounds such as milk. Or the entry of toxic chemicals into the body itself through several streets, among others:

a. Through the mouth or swallowed
This rarely happens unless there memipet esalahn in the mouth or eating and drinking in the laboratory
b. Through the skin
Substances such as aniline, nitrobenzene phenol or cyanide easily absorbed into the skin. The mechanism of this process supposedly has something to do with the solubility of fat in the skin
c. By breathing
Gas, dust, and easily absorbed through breathing vapors. Poisoning through the respiratory tract is predominantly (90%) of the cases of poisoning occurring. Gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chlorine (Cl 2) to give the local effects on the respiratory tract. However, gases such as HCN and H2S is absorbed through breathing will soon get into the blood and distributed throughout the body.

If the body toxic chemicals interact with biological function will be impaired. Disorders toxin (poison) of chemicals on the body is different. Examples of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene can cause damage to the liver, methyl isocyanate can cause blindness and death, mercury compounds (mercury) can cause cancer. As a result of the disorder depends on the state of health. The lab users must always maintain the health and eating nutritious foods so the body can be expected to analyze.

Effect of acute and chronic
Chronic effects to the human body divided by 2 is acute and chronic. Acute effects are effects that result a certain number can be seen or felt or within a short time. Examples of phenol poisoning can cause diarrhea, while gas CO poisoning can cause loss of consciousness or death. Chronic poisoning is a result of the chemicals in small doses but continually and bru effects felt in a long time period (week, month, and year). Inhaling gas chlorinated benzene or carbon compounds in a state / low grade but persistent will cause heart disease after a few years. Steam lead in a long time been known to cause damage in the blood. Chronic effects usually get attention but this behavior can not be justified.

Size toxicity
 Toxicity of chemicals especially needed to be known by laboratory workers because the scope of work contained considerable risks. Thus the need to know the degree of the chemicals used. From the results of the research have been known to some degree of chemical hazards:

NO	evel of toxicity to humans	Possible LD50 for humans	the compound	LD50 for rats (mg / kg)
1	No toxic	5 gr/kg	Propilon glycol	26000
2	Slightly toxic	5-15 g/kg	Sorbic Acid	7400
3	toksis was	0,5-5 g/kg	Isopropanol	5800
4	toksis	50-500 mg/kg	Hidrokuinan	320
5	Very toxic	5-50 mg/kg	arsenate Timbale	100
6	Super toksis	5 mg/kg	nicotine	50

Note: LD50: 50 lethal the dose response in the form of death of 50% of animal experiments

To measure the effect of chronic toxicity using the term used threshold value (value tersebur NAB. based on the concentration of the inhaled for 8 hours / day for 5 days / week without causing significant health problems. Generally it can be said that the chemicals with nialai lower threshold than the more toxic chemicals that have a high threshold value. threshold values ​​do not always show the properties of a chemical hazard. NaCN and HCN has a threshold limit value the same as the effects from cyanide toksisnya however, HCN has hazardous properties greater than NaCN for easy inhalation.

No	chemical name	NAB (ppm)	No	chemical name	NAB (ppm)
1	Mercury	-	21	CO2	1000
2	Ammonia	25	22	CS2	10
3	Anilines	2	23	CO2	50
4	acid bromide	3[	24	CCl4	5
5	Hydrochloric acid	5	25	formic acid	5
6	Florida acid	3[	26	Nitric acid	2
7	Acetone	750	27	Acid cyanide	10[
8	Benzene	10	28	Sulfuric acid	-
9	Benzilklorida	1	29	Sulfide acid	10
10	Brom	0,1	30	Asbes	-
11	DDT	-	31	Chlorine	1
12	dioxane	25	32	Chloroform	10
13	Ethyl acetate	400	33	Nitrobenzene	1
14	Ethyl esters	400	34	NO2	3
15	Phenol	5	35	SO2	12
16	Flour	1	36	O3	0,1
17	Formaldehyde	1	37	Tetra ethyl lead	-
18	Hexane	100	38	Timbale	-
19	Iodine	0,1[	39	Vinyl chloride	5
20	Cadmium	-	40	methanol	200

[= The highest concentration limit in workplace air

Facing ketidaktemuan in the face of chemical toxicity, expected all the workers in the lab always improve alertness. If there is the possibility of polluting materials used aerial work. Experiments should be done fume hood. It should be noted that the laboratory has well ventilated and not weak. Food and drink are avoided, and always protect yourself by using a semerti protective masks gloves and safety glasses.